Congenital posterior angulation of the tibia; a clinical entity unrelated to congenital pseudarthrosis.

tibia. These patients were all treated conservativeIy. The first one was treated with massage and manipulations; and when the infant began to walk, a brace was applied until three and a half years of age. The last x-ray at the age of seven showed the persistence of a mild degree of media1 bowing of the Ieg bone. The child is reported at the age of eight to have 9; inch shortening. The authors’ second patient was observed unti1 the age of six. A brace was worn for three and a haIf years. The x-ray at the age of five and a half years disclosed mild medial bowing of both leg bones. There was I inch shortening. The third patient is still wearing a brace at the age of three years. At this age both components persist to a moderate degree; *I inch of shortening is reported. These authors submit posterior angulation as a cIinica1 entity, and rightly so, and describe the characteristics. It must be somewhat confusing, however, to the student of these rather rare anomalies to make this one a member of “Group III, ” Group I being congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia and Group II an anterior angulation of the tibia which is a rather Iater and secondary compIication of congenital FIG. 2. Case I. Preoperative appearance at twenty months after conservative treatment.